2015年高考英语北京卷- 阅读理解C-飞

Life in the Clear
透明的生命

Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet - as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.”
透明的动物可以让光穿过它们的身体，就像光透过窗户一样。这些动物通常生活在海洋表面和大部分光能到达的大约3300英尺的深度之间。它们大多数非常脆弱，简单触摸就会受伤。生物学科学家桑克·约翰森说，“这些动物独自生活，从不触碰任何物体，除非吃东西或被其他动物吃。”

And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see-through? It’s trickier than you might think.
它们像玻璃一样透明。动物是如何变得透明的？这比你想象的要复杂。

The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically trave(xl码适合多高体重多重的人？男士XL码适合人群∶身高范围:175-180cm;体重范围:65-75公斤;如果是标准身材，建议身高175cm，体重70公斤的人穿比较合身。女士XL码适合人群∶身高范围:164-167cm 体重范围:56-62公斤;如果是标准身材，建议身高165cm，体重55公斤的人穿比较合身。)ls in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.
周围的物体可见是因为它们与光相互作用。光通常以直线传播，但有些材料会使光变慢并散射，使其原路返回。另一些材料则吸收光，阻止光的传播。散射和吸收可以使物体看起来与周围其他物体不同，所以很容易看见。

But a transparent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn’t look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don’t see it - you see the things behind it.
但透明物体不会吸收或散射光，至少不会太多。光可以穿过而不弯曲或停止，这意味着透明物体看起来与周围的空气或水没有太大区别。你看不见它——可以看见它后面的物体。

To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.
为了变得透明，动物需要防止身体吸收或散射光。活体材料可以遮光，因为它们含有能吸收特定颜色光的色素。但是透明的动物没有色素，所以它的组织不会吸收光。约翰森说，避免吸收其实很容易，真正的挑战是防止光散射。

Animals are built of many different materials - skin, fat, and more - and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see-through. Others build a large,clear mass of non-living jelly-like material and spread themselves over it.
动物由许多不同的材料组成，包括皮肤、脂肪等——光以不同的速度穿过每一种材料。每次光以新的速度进入一种材料，它就会弯曲和散射。透明的动物使用不同的技巧来对抗散射。有些动物非常小或非常扁平。没有太多的组织来散射光，更容易被穿透。另一些动物会制造大量透明的非生物胶状物质，并在其上扩散。

Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform. But how they’re doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process. When they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white.
大型透明动物面临的挑战最大，因为它们必须让身体中所有不同的组织像水一样减缓光线。它们需要看起来统一，但它们是如何做到这一点仍然不得而知。对这些更大的动物来说有一点很明确，保持透明是一个活跃的过程。当它们死亡时，就会变成不透明的乳白色。

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